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Herb and Chemical Atlas

The Herb and Chemical Atlas is the one-page index to everything in this library about plants, the chemicals in them, what those chemicals do to each other inside a person, and what people make out of them — cooking first, then lotions and balms, then diffusers and candles. Every entry here is a short line. The detail lives on the page each line links to.

It exists because the same plant turns up in four different conversations — a kitchen spice, a scent, a dye, and a drug interaction — and nowhere were those four facts on one line next to each other. Cooking is the centre of this page because cooking is where almost everyone meets these plants first.

The charts

Two diagrams carry the structural part of this page. Both are drawn from the data files beside this article rather than copied from anywhere, so they are the same on every load and correct in print.

The allylbenzenes, by what sits where on the ringPosition 1 carries the side chain. Positions 2–6 are coloured so two molecules can be compared at a glance.The amphetamine pairs are Shulgin's, and every one of them is hypothetical — see the page text.What each position is said to do is a community claim from the 69Ron / Herbpedia material, not a verified result.ChavicolH4-hydroxyno amphetamine pairEstragole4-methoxy→ 4-MA (hypothetical)HydroxychavicolHH3,4-dihydroxyno amphetamine pairChavibetolH3-hydroxy-4-methoxyno amphetamine pairEugenolH3-methoxy-4-hydroxyno amphetamine pairMethyl eugenol3,4-dimethoxy→ 3,4-DMA (hypothetical)Safrole3,4-methylenedioxy→ MDA (hypothetical)Croweacin2-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy→ MMDA-3a (hypothetical)Asaricin2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy→ MMDA-2 (hypothetical)Myristicin3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy→ MMDA (hypothetical)Apiole2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxy→ DMMDA (hypothetical)Dillapiole2,3-dimethoxy-4,5-methylenedioxy→ DMMDA-2 (hypothetical)Elemicin3,4,5-trimethoxy→ TMA (hypothetical)γ-Asarone2,4,5-trimethoxy→ TMA-2 (hypothetical)2,3,4,5-Tetramethoxy­allylbenzene2,3,4,5-tetramethoxy→ TA (hypothetical)Anethole4-methoxypropenyl — no alkaloid routeα-Asarone2,4,5-trimethoxypropenyl — no alkaloid routeIsoeugenolH3-methoxy-4-hydroxypropenyl — no alkaloid routeRing position key1 black — the allyl side chain — the part that is converted to an alkaloid at all2 brown — a methoxy here is said to give LSD-like mental effects3 red — no distinct effect claimed4 green — must be methoxy or methylenedioxy for psychedelic activity; a hydroxy here gives stimulant effects only5 blue — said to enhance visual effects6 purple — said to add speedy, amphetamine-like effects
The allylbenzene series, each ring position colour-coded. Two molecules can be compared by eye: what is at position 4 decides the class, position 2 and 5 are said to shift the character.

The colour key is the one from the chart the operator has used since 2018, published on Herbpedia: position 1 black (the side chain), 2 brown, 3 red, 4 green, 5 blue, 6 purple. What each position is said to do is a community claim, from the 69Ron material, and is not a verified structure–activity result. It is on the chart because it is how this family has been read for twenty years, not because it has been demonstrated.

What is in each plantShare of the ESSENTIAL OIL, not of the plant. Bars are the midpoint of the published range; the range is printed beside each bar.Chemotype and ploidy move these more than species does — basil, thyme and calamus are the same plant at very different compositions.Piperine, curcumin and the grapefruit furanocoumarins are NOT volatile — they are in the plant, not the distilled oil.Nutmegsabinene: 15–30% of the oilsabineneα-pinene: 15–25% of the oilα-pinenemyristicin: 4–8% of the oilelemicin: 1–3% of the oilsafrole: 0.5–2% of the oilsabinene 15–30% · α-pinene 15–25% · myristicin 4–8% · elemicin 1–3% · safrole 0.5–2%Macesabinene: 15–30% of the oilsabinenemyristicin: 5–12% of the oilelemicin: 2–4% of the oilsabinene 15–30% · myristicin 5–12% · elemicin 2–4%Parsley seedapiole: 20–60% of the oilapiolemyristicin: 5–30% of the oilmyristicinapiole 20–60% · myristicin 5–30%Dill seedcarvone: 40–60% of the oilcarvonelimonene: 30–40% of the oillimonenedillapiole: 0–20% of the oilcarvone 40–60% · limonene 30–40% · dillapiole 0–20%Sweet basilestragole: 20–85% of the oilestragolelinalool: 20–50% of the oillinalooleugenol: 1–10% of the oilestragole 20–85% · linalool 20–50% · eugenol 1–10%Tarragonestragole: 60–75% of the oilestragolemethyleugenol: 1–5% of the oilestragole 60–75% · methyleugenol 1–5%Sassafrassafrole: 80–90% of the oilsafrolesafrole 80–90%Star aniseanethole: 80–90% of the oilanetholesafrole: 0–2% of the oilanethole 80–90% · safrole 0–2%Aniseanethole: 80–95% of the oilanetholeanethole 80–95%Fennelanethole: 50–80% of the oilanetholefenchone: 5–20% of the oilfenchoneestragole: 2–6% of the oilanethole 50–80% · fenchone 5–20% · estragole 2–6%Cloveeugenol: 70–90% of the oileugenoleugenyl acetate: 5–15% of the oilβ-caryophyllene: 5–15% of the oileugenol 70–90% · eugenyl acetate 5–15% · β-caryophyllene 5–15%Cinnamon barkcinnamaldehyde: 60–75% of the oilcinnamaldehydeeugenol: 4–10% of the oilcinnamaldehyde 60–75% · eugenol 4–10%Cassiacinnamaldehyde: 80–90% of the oilcinnamaldehydecoumarin: 0.5–5% of the oilcinnamaldehyde 80–90% · coumarin 0.5–5%Cinnamon leafeugenol: 70–80% of the oileugenolcinnamaldehyde: 1–5% of the oileugenol 70–80% · cinnamaldehyde 1–5%Allspiceeugenol: 60–80% of the oileugenolβ-caryophyllene: 5–15% of the oileugenol 60–80% · β-caryophyllene 5–15%Calamusβ-asarone: 0–96% of the oilβ-asaroneβ-asarone 0–96%Black pepperpiperine: 5–9% of the oilβ-caryophyllene: 10–30% of the oilβ-caryophyllenelimonene: 10–20% of the oillimonenepiperine 5–9% · β-caryophyllene 10–30% · limonene 10–20%Betel leafchavibetol: 20–50% of the oilchavibetolhydroxychavicol: 5–20% of the oilhydroxychavicolchavibetol 20–50% · hydroxychavicol 5–20%Lavenderlinalyl acetate: 25–45% of the oillinalyl acetatelinalool: 25–38% of the oillinaloollinalyl acetate 25–45% · linalool 25–38%Peppermintmenthol: 30–55% of the oilmentholmenthone: 14–32% of the oilmenthonementhol 30–55% · menthone 14–32%Thymethymol: 30–55% of the oilthymolcarvacrol: 1–10% of the oilp-cymene: 10–25% of the oilp-cymenethymol 30–55% · carvacrol 1–10% · p-cymene 10–25%Oreganocarvacrol: 40–80% of the oilcarvacrolthymol: 1–20% of the oilcarvacrol 40–80% · thymol 1–20%Rosemary1,8-cineole: 15–55% of the oil1,8-cineolecamphor: 5–20% of the oilcamphorα-pinene: 10–25% of the oilα-pinene1,8-cineole 15–55% · camphor 5–20% · α-pinene 10–25%German chamomileα-bisabolol: 10–30% of the oilα-bisabololchamazulene: 1–15% of the oilα-bisabolol 10–30% · chamazulene 1–15%Wormwoodα/β-thujone: 20–70% of the oilα/β-thujoneα/β-thujone 20–70%Carawaycarvone: 50–75% of the oilcarvonelimonene: 20–45% of the oillimonenecarvone 50–75% · limonene 20–45%Cumincuminaldehyde: 20–40% of the oilcuminaldehydep-cymene: 10–30% of the oilp-cymenecuminaldehyde 20–40% · p-cymene 10–30%Cardamomα-terpinyl acetate: 30–45% of the oilα-terpinyl acetate1,8-cineole: 20–40% of the oil1,8-cineoleα-terpinyl acetate 30–45% · 1,8-cineole 20–40%Turmericcurcumin: 2–5% of the oilturmerone: 30–60% of the oilturmeronecurcumin 2–5% · turmerone 30–60%Gingerzingiberene: 20–35% of the oilzingiberenegingerols: 1–3% of the oilzingiberene 20–35% · gingerols 1–3%Grapefruitlimonene: 85–95% of the oillimonenebergamottin: 0.1–1% of the oillimonene 85–95% · bergamottin 0.1–1%Lemonlimonene: 60–75% of the oillimoneneβ-pinene: 7–17% of the oilβ-pinenelimonene 60–75% · β-pinene 7–17%Allyl- and propenylbenzenesAromatic aldehydesTerpenes and terpenoidsTerpene phenolsAlkaloids and pungentsOther
What is in each plant: the major constituents of each essential oil, as a share of the whole. Bars are the midpoint of the published range.
Every plant, by what is in its oil126 plants. Bars are the midpoint of the published range; the range is printed beside each bar.Share of the ESSENTIAL OIL, not of the plant. Chemotype moves these more than species does.CULINARY SPICEAjwainthymol: 35-60% of the oilthymolcarvacrol: 30-50% of the oilcarvacrolgamma-terpinene: 20-30% of the oilgamma-terpinenep-cymene: 15-25% of the oilp-cymenethymol 35-60 · carvacrol 30-50 · gamma-terpinene 20-30 · p-cymene Allspice (pimento)eugenol: 65-95% of the oileugenolmethyleugenol: 2-12% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene: 3-10% of the oil1,8-cineole: 1-5% of the oileugenol 65-95 · methyleugenol 2-12 · beta-caryophyllene 3-10 · 1,8Anise (aniseed)(E)-anethole: 80-95% of the oil(E)-anetholeestragole (methyl chavicol): 0.5-5% of the oilgamma-himachalene: 0.5-5% of the oilpseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate: 0.3-5% of the oil(E)-anethole 80-95 · estragole (methyl chavicol) 0.5-5 · gamma-himAsafoetida(E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide: 20-60% of the oil(E)-1-propenyl s(Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide: 5-25% of the oil(Z)-1-propenyl sbeta-pinene: 1-15% of the oildi-sec-butyl trisulfide: 2-10% of the oil(E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide 20-60 · (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyBlack cardamom1,8-cineole: 60-75% of the oil1,8-cineolealpha-terpineol: 3-8% of the oilbeta-pinene: 3-7% of the oilalpha-pinene: 1-4% of the oil1,8-cineole 60-75 · alpha-terpineol 3-8 · beta-pinene 3-7 · alpha-Black pepperbeta-caryophyllene: 10-35% of the oilbeta-caryophyllelimonene: 10-25% of the oillimonenesabinene: 5-25% of the oilsabinenebeta-pinene: 5-15% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene 10-35 · limonene 10-25 · sabinene 5-25 · beta-pCaraway(S)-(+)-carvone: 45-75% of the oil(S)-(+)-carvonelimonene: 20-50% of the oillimonenetrans-dihydrocarvone: 1-5% of the oilmyrcene, trans-carveol: trace-3% of the oil(S)-(+)-carvone 45-75 · limonene 20-50 · trans-dihydrocarvone 1-5 Cassia cinnamon(E)-cinnamaldehyde: 70-90% of the oil(E)-cinnamaldehycinnamyl acetate: 1-6% of the oilcoumarin: 1-6 of the oil% of the oilbenzaldehyde, 2-phenethyl acetate: trace-3% of the oil(E)-cinnamaldehyde 70-90 · cinnamyl acetate 1-6 · coumarin 1-6 of Celery (seed; also stalk/leaf)limonene: 60-80% of the oillimonenebeta-selinene: 5-20% of the oilsedanenolide: 1-10% of the oil3-n-butylphthalide: 1-5% of the oillimonene 60-80 · beta-selinene 5-20 · sedanenolide 1-10 · 3-n-butyCeylon cinnamon ('true' cinnameugenol: 70-90% of the oileugenol(E)-cinnamaldehyde: 55-75% of the oil(E)-cinnamaldehybenzyl benzoate: 1-10% of the oilcinnamyl acetate: 1-8% of the oileugenol 70-90 · (E)-cinnamaldehyde 55-75 · benzyl benzoate 1-10 · Chili pepper2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine: trace (ppb)% of the oil2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine trace (ppb)Cloveeugenol: 85-95% of the oileugenoleugenyl acetate: 5-20% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene: 5-14% of the oilalpha-humulene: 0.5-3% of the oileugenol 85-95 · eugenyl acetate 5-20 · beta-caryophyllene 5-14 · aCubebsabinene: 10-30% of the oilsabinenebeta-cubebene: 5-15% of the oilalpha-cubebene: 2-10% of the oilcubebol: 2-10% of the oilsabinene 10-30 · beta-cubebene 5-15 · alpha-cubebene 2-10 · cubeboCumincuminaldehyde (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde): 15-50% of the oilcuminaldehyde (4gamma-terpinene: 10-30% of the oilgamma-terpinenep-menthadienals (cumin's characteristic aldehydes): 5-25 combined% of the oilp-menthadienals beta-pinene: 5-20% of the oilcuminaldehyde (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde) 15-50 · gamma-terpinene 10Fennel (sweet and bitter)(E)-anethole: 80-90% of the oil(E)-anetholefenchone: 12-25% of the oilfenchonelimonene: 1-10% of the oilestragole: 1-10% of the oil(E)-anethole 80-90 · fenchone 12-25 · limonene 1-10 · estragole 1-Fenugreeksotolon (3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone): trace (ppm; key odorant)% of the oil3-amino-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone: trace% of the oilsotolon (3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone) trace (ppm; key odGingerzingiberene: 20-35% of the oilzingiberenebeta-sesquiphellandrene: 7-20% of the oilalpha-curcumene: 5-15% of the oilbeta-bisabolene: 5-12% of the oilzingiberene 20-35 · beta-sesquiphellandrene 7-20 · alpha-curcumeneGrains of paradisebeta-caryophyllene: 10-60% of the oilbeta-caryophyllehumulene: 10-30% of the oilhumulenecaryophyllene oxide: 2-10% of the oillinalool: 0-5% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene 10-60 · humulene 10-30 · caryophyllene oxide 2-Grains of Selimbeta-pinene: 15-35% of the oilbeta-pinenesabinene: 5-20% of the oil1,8-cineole: 5-20% of the oilalpha-pinene: 3-10% of the oilbeta-pinene 15-35 · sabinene 5-20 · 1,8-cineole 5-20 · alpha-pinenGreater galangal1,8-cineole: 20-50% of the oil1,8-cineolealpha-terpineol: 2-15% of the oilalpha-fenchyl acetate: 2-15% of the oilcamphor: 1-10% of the oil1,8-cineole 20-50 · alpha-terpineol 2-15 · alpha-fenchyl acetate 2Green cardamomalpha-terpinyl acetate: 25-55% of the oilalpha-terpinyl a1,8-cineole (eucalyptol): 20-45% of the oil1,8-cineole (euclinalool: 2-8% of the oillinalyl acetate: 1-8% of the oilalpha-terpinyl acetate 25-55 · 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) 20-45 · liHorseradishallyl isothiocyanate: 70-90% of the oilallyl isothiocya2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate: 5-25% of the oil2-phenylethyl isallyl isothiocyanate 70-90 · 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate 5-25Indian dill (sowa)dillapiole: 20-60% of the oildillapiole(R)-(+)-carvone: 10-40% of the oil(R)-(+)-carvonelimonene: 10-30% of the oillimonenedihydrocarvone: 1-8% of the oildillapiole 20-60 · (R)-(+)-carvone 10-40 · limonene 10-30 · dihydrJuniper (berry)alpha-pinene: 25-50% of the oilalpha-pinenesabinene: 2-25% of the oilmyrcene: 5-20% of the oilterpinen-4-ol: 1-10% of the oilalpha-pinene 25-50 · sabinene 2-25 · myrcene 5-20 · terpinen-4-ol Lesser galangal1,8-cineole: 20-50% of the oil1,8-cineolealpha-terpineol: 3-10% of the oilcamphor: 2-8% of the oilbeta-pinene: 2-6% of the oil1,8-cineole 20-50 · alpha-terpineol 3-10 · camphor 2-8 · beta-pineLicorice (liquorice)anethole (trace; anise-like note mostly comes from added anise in confectionery): trace% of the oilestragole, eugenol, hexanoic acid: trace% of the oilanethole (trace; anise-like note mostly comes from added anise in Macesabinene: 15-40% of the oilsabinenealpha-pinene: 8-20% of the oilbeta-pinene: 7-18% of the oilmyristicin: 1-11% of the oilsabinene 15-40 · alpha-pinene 8-20 · beta-pinene 7-18 · myristicinMustard (black, brown, white/yallyl isothiocyanate: 90-99 of volatile oil% of the oilallyl isothiocyaallyl isothiocyanate 90-99 of volatile oilNigellap-cymene: 15-50% of the oilp-cymenethymoquinone: 10-50% of the oilthymoquinonealpha-thujene: 2-15% of the oilcarvacrol: 1-12% of the oilp-cymene 15-50 · thymoquinone 10-50 · alpha-thujene 2-15 · carvacrNutmegsabinene: 20-40% of the oilsabinenealpha-pinene: 10-22% of the oilalpha-pinenebeta-pinene: 8-18% of the oilmyristicin: 1-13% of the oilsabinene 20-40 · alpha-pinene 10-22 · beta-pinene 8-18 · myristiciPink peppercornbeta-myrcene: 20-50% of the oilbeta-myrcenealpha-pinene: 10-30% of the oilalpha-pinenemyrcene: 5-25% of the oilmyrcenebeta-pinene: 5-20% of the oilbeta-myrcene 20-50 · alpha-pinene 10-30 · myrcene 5-25 · beta-pineSaffronsafranal: 30-70 of volatile fraction% of the oilsafranalisophorone / 4-ketoisophorone: 5-15% of the oilsafranal 30-70 of volatile fraction · isophorone / 4-ketoisophoronSichuan pepperlinalool: 30-60% of the oillinaloollimonene: 10-30% of the oillimonenebeta-phellandrene: 10-30% of the oilbeta-phellandrenmethyl cinnamate: 0-30 (Nepalese timur)% of the oilmethyl cinnamatelinalool 30-60 · limonene 10-30 · beta-phellandrene 10-30 · methylStar anise (Chinese)(E)-anethole: 80-95% of the oil(E)-anetholeestragole: 0.3-6% of the oilfoeniculin: 0.5-5% of the oillimonene: 0.5-5% of the oil(E)-anethole 80-95 · estragole 0.3-6 · foeniculin 0.5-5 · limoneneSumacbeta-caryophyllene: 5-25% of the oilbeta-caryophyllecembrene: 5-15% of the oillimonene: 2-10% of the oilalpha-pinene: 2-10% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene 5-25 · cembrene 5-15 · limonene 2-10 · alpha-piTamarind2-furfural: 10-30% of the oil2-furfural2-phenylacetaldehyde: 5-15% of the oilfuran-2-carboxylic acid esters: 5-15% of the oillimonene: 1-5% of the oil2-furfural 10-30 · 2-phenylacetaldehyde 5-15 · furan-2-carboxylic Turmericar-turmerone: 20-45% of the oilar-turmeronealpha-turmerone: 10-35% of the oilalpha-turmeronebeta-turmerone: 5-25% of the oilbeta-turmeronezingiberene: 2-25% of the oilar-turmerone 20-45 · alpha-turmerone 10-35 · beta-turmerone 5-25 ·Uziza / Ashanti pepperbeta-caryophyllene: 10-30% of the oilbeta-caryophyllemyristicin: 0-30% of the oilmyristicindillapiole: 0-30% of the oildillapioleelemicin: 0-15% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene 10-30 · myristicin 0-30 · dillapiole 0-30 · eleCULINARY HERBBay laurel (sweet bay)1,8-cineole: 35-50% of the oil1,8-cineolealpha-terpinyl acetate: 8-15% of the oilsabinene: 4-12% of the oillinalool: 3-12% of the oil1,8-cineole 35-50 · alpha-terpinyl acetate 8-15 · sabinene 4-12 · Chervilmethyl chavicol (estragole): 60-85% of the oilmethyl chavicol 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene: 15-30% of the oil1-allyl-2,4-dimeundecane: trace-5% of the oilmethyl chavicol (estragole) 60-85 · 1-allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene 1Common sage (Dalmatian sage)alpha-thujone: 18-43% of the oilalpha-thujonecamphor: 15-30% of the oilcamphor1,8-cineole: 10-20% of the oil1,8-cineolealpha-humulene: 0-12% of the oilalpha-thujone 18-43 · camphor 15-30 · 1,8-cineole 10-20 · alpha-huCoriander / cilantrolinalool (mostly (S)-(+)): 60-80% of the oillinalool (mostly(E)-2-decenal: 15-45% of the oil(E)-2-decenaldecanal: 5-20% of the oillinalool: 2-20% of the oillinalool (mostly (S)-(+)) 60-80 · (E)-2-decenal 15-45 · decanal 5-Culantro(E)-2-dodecenal: 30-60% of the oil(E)-2-dodecenaldodecanal: 5-20% of the oil2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde: 5-20% of the oil(E)-2-tridecenal: 2-10% of the oil(E)-2-dodecenal 30-60 · dodecanal 5-20 · 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyCurry leafalpha-pinene: 40-55% of the oilalpha-pinenebeta-caryophyllene: 10-30% of the oilbeta-caryophyllesabinene: 5-35% of the oilsabinenebeta-pinene: 5-15% of the oilalpha-pinene 40-55 · beta-caryophyllene 10-30 · sabinene 5-35 · beDill (weed and seed)(R)-(+)-carvone: 30-65% of the oil(R)-(+)-carvonedillapiole: up to 30-60 in some Indian/Asian material% of the oildillapiolealpha-phellandrene: 20-60% of the oilalpha-phellandrelimonene: 20-45% of the oillimonene(R)-(+)-carvone 30-65 · dillapiole up to 30-60 in some Indian/AsiaEpazoteascaridole: 40-70% of the oilascaridolealpha-terpinene: 20-50% of the oilalpha-terpinenep-cymene: 15-30% of the oilp-cymeneisoascaridole: 2-10% of the oilascaridole 40-70 · alpha-terpinene 20-50 · p-cymene 15-30 · isoascFrench tarragonestragole (methyl chavicol): 50-85% of the oilestragole (methy(E)-beta-ocimene: 2-20% of the oil(Z)-beta-ocimene: 2-15% of the oillimonene: 1-10% of the oilestragole (methyl chavicol) 50-85 · (E)-beta-ocimene 2-20 · (Z)-beGarden angelica (root, seed)beta-phellandrene: 40-80% of the oilbeta-phellandrenalpha-pinene: 10-30% of the oilalpha-pinenedelta-3-carene: 5-15% of the oilalpha-phellandrene: 5-15% of the oilbeta-phellandrene 40-80 · alpha-pinene 10-30 · delta-3-carene 5-15Garlicdiallyl disulfide: 20-45% of the oildiallyl disulfiddiallyl trisulfide: 15-40% of the oildiallyl trisulfiallyl methyl trisulfide: 5-15% of the oildiallyl sulfide: 2-8% of the oildiallyl disulfide 20-45 · diallyl trisulfide 15-40 · allyl methyl Hoja santasafrole: 93.2% of the oilsafrolebeta-caryophyllene: 4.6% of the oilmyristicin: 4.3% of the oilsafrole 93.2 · beta-caryophyllene 4.6 · myristicin 4.3Holy basil (tulsi)methyleugenol: up to 40-70 in some accessions% of the oilmethyleugenoleugenol: 30-75% of the oileugenolbeta-caryophyllene: 5-25% of the oilbeta-elemene: 2-12% of the oilmethyleugenol up to 40-70 in some accessions · eugenol 30-75 · betHyssoplinalool: 40-60% of the oillinaloolcis-pinocamphone (isopinocamphone): 10-50% of the oilcis-pinocamphonetrans-pinocamphone: 5-35% of the oiltrans-pinocampho1,8-cineole: 10-20% of the oillinalool 40-60 · cis-pinocamphone (isopinocamphone) 10-50 · trans-Lemon balmgeranial: 20-40% of the oilgeranialneral: 15-30% of the oilneralbeta-caryophyllene: 5-15% of the oilcitronellal: 1-15% of the oilgeranial 20-40 · neral 15-30 · beta-caryophyllene 5-15 · citronellLemongrassgeranial: 40-55% of the oilgeranialgeranial (alpha-citral): 30-50% of the oilgeranial (alpha-neral (beta-citral): 25-38% of the oilneral (beta-citrneral: 25-35% of the oilneralgeranial 40-55 · geranial (alpha-citral) 30-50 · neral (beta-citraLovage(Z)-ligustilide: 40-70% of the oil(Z)-ligustilidealpha-terpinyl acetate: 30-50% of the oilalpha-terpinyl abeta-phellandrene: 10-25% of the oilbeta-phellandrenbutylidene phthalide: 1-5% of the oil(Z)-ligustilide 40-70 · alpha-terpinyl acetate 30-50 · beta-phellaMakrut lime (leaf and rind)citronellal: 60-80% of the oilcitronellalbeta-pinene: 20-35% of the oilbeta-pinenelimonene: 10-30% of the oillimonenesabinene: 10-20% of the oilcitronellal 60-80 · beta-pinene 20-35 · limonene 10-30 · sabinene Mexican oreganothymol: 30-60% of the oilthymolcarvacrol: 20-60% of the oilcarvacrolp-cymene: 10-25% of the oilp-cymenegamma-terpinene: 2-10% of the oilthymol 30-60 · carvacrol 20-60 · p-cymene 10-25 · gamma-terpinene Mexican tarragon / Mexican minmethyl chavicol (estragole): 95-97% of the oilmethyl chavicol methyl eugenol: 56-64% of the oilmethyl eugenolestragole: ~48% of the oilestragoleanethole: ~35% of the oilanetholemethyl chavicol (estragole) 95-97 · methyl eugenol 56-64 · estragoMugwortalpha/beta-thujone: 0-40% of the oilalpha/beta-thujo1,8-cineole: 5-30% of the oil1,8-cineolecamphor: 5-25% of the oilcamphorbeta-caryophyllene: 3-15% of the oilalpha/beta-thujone 0-40 · 1,8-cineole 5-30 · camphor 5-25 · beta-cOregano (Greek/Turkish)carvacrol: 60-80% of the oilcarvacrolthymol: 30-60% of the oilthymolp-cymene: 5-12% of the oilgamma-terpinene: 3-10% of the oilcarvacrol 60-80 · thymol 30-60 · p-cymene 5-12 · gamma-terpinene 3Pandan2-acetyl-1-pyrroline: trace (ppm)% of the oil2-acetyl-1-pyrroline trace (ppm)Parsley (leaf)myristicin: 10-50 of leaf oil% of the oilmyristicinapiole: 10-50 of leaf oil% of the oilapiole1,3,8-p-menthatriene: 10-30% of the oil1,3,8-p-menthatrbeta-phellandrene: 5-30% of the oilbeta-phellandrenmyristicin 10-50 of leaf oil · apiole 10-50 of leaf oil · 1,3,8-p-Peppermintmenthol: 30-55% of the oilmentholmenthone: 14-32% of the oilmenthonementhyl acetate: 2.8-10% of the oil1,8-cineole: 3.5-8% of the oilmenthol 30-55 · menthone 14-32 · menthyl acetate 2.8-10 · 1,8-cinePerilla / shisoperilla ketone: 50-90% of the oilperilla ketoneelsholtzia ketone: 40-80% of the oilelsholtzia ketoncitral: 50-70% of the oilcitralperillaldehyde: 40-75% of the oilperillaldehydeperilla ketone 50-90 · elsholtzia ketone 40-80 · citral 50-70 · pePot marigold (calendula)α-cadinol: 20-25 (variable)% of the oilα-cadinolτ-cadinol: 10-20% of the oilτ-cadinolα-cadinol 20-25 (variable) · τ-cadinol 10-20Rosemary1,8-cineole: 38-55% of the oil1,8-cineolealpha-pinene: 15-35% of the oilalpha-pinenecamphor: 17-27% of the oilcamphorverbenone: 7-15% of the oil1,8-cineole 38-55 · alpha-pinene 15-35 · camphor 17-27 · verbenoneRue2-undecanone (methyl nonyl ketone): 30-90% of the oil2-undecanone (me2-nonanone: 5-30% of the oil2-nonanone2-nonyl acetate: 1-10% of the oil2-undecanone (methyl nonyl ketone) 30-90 · 2-nonanone 5-30 · 2-nonSavory (summer and winter)carvacrol: 25-60% of the oilcarvacrolgamma-terpinene: 20-40% of the oilgamma-terpinenep-cymene: 10-20% of the oilp-cymenethymol: 0-30% of the oilthymolcarvacrol 25-60 · gamma-terpinene 20-40 · p-cymene 10-20 · thymol Spearmint(R)-(-)-carvone: 55-75% of the oil(R)-(-)-carvonelimonene: 8-20% of the oil1,8-cineole: 1-5% of the oildihydrocarvone: 1-3% of the oil(R)-(-)-carvone 55-75 · limonene 8-20 · 1,8-cineole 1-5 · dihydrocSweet basilestragole (methyl chavicol): 60-90% of the oilestragole (methymethyleugenol: up to 60-80 in some lines% of the oilmethyleugenollinalool: 30-60% of the oillinalooleugenol: 30-60% of the oileugenolestragole (methyl chavicol) 60-90 · methyleugenol up to 60-80 in sSweet marjoramterpinen-4-ol: 15-35% of the oilterpinen-4-olcis-sabinene hydrate: 3-25% of the oilgamma-terpinene: 8-15% of the oilalpha-terpinene: 5-10% of the oilterpinen-4-ol 15-35 · cis-sabinene hydrate 3-25 · gamma-terpinene Thyme (common/garden)linalool: 60-80% of the oillinaloolcarvacrol: 30-70% of the oilcarvacroltrans-thujan-4-ol / terpinen-4-ol: 40-55% of the oiltrans-thujan-4-othymol: 37-55% of the oilthymollinalool 60-80 · carvacrol 30-70 · trans-thujan-4-ol / terpinen-4-BEVERAGECacao / Cocoa3-methylbutanal: trace (malty)% of the oil2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine / tetramethylpyrazine: trace (roast/nutty)% of the oillinalool: trace (floral in Arriba/Nacional)% of the oil2-phenylethanol: trace (honey/rose)% of the oil3-methylbutanal trace (malty) · 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine / tetrametCoffee2-furfurylthiol: trace, key roast note% of the oil4-vinylguaiacol: trace (higher in robusta)% of the oilβ-damascenone: trace% of the oil2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine: trace (earthy)% of the oil2-furfurylthiol trace, key roast note · 4-vinylguaiacol trace (higElder (flower; berry noted)beta-damascenone: trace% of the oilbeta-damascenone traceGerman chamomile(-)-alpha-bisabolol: 20-60% of the oil(-)-alpha-bisaboalpha-bisabolol oxide A: 25-50% of the oilalpha-bisabolol (E)-beta-farnesene: 5-30% of the oil(E)-beta-farnesealpha-bisabolol oxide B: 5-15% of the oil(-)-alpha-bisabolol 20-60 · alpha-bisabolol oxide A 25-50 · (E)-beGuaranaestragole (methyl chavicol): reported trace% of the oilanethole: trace% of the oilestragole (methyl chavicol) reported trace · anethole traceHopsmyrcene: 45-70% of the oilmyrcenealpha-humulene: 15-40% of the oilalpha-humulenebeta-caryophyllene: 8-15% of the oilfarnesene: 0-15% of the oilmyrcene 45-70 · alpha-humulene 15-40 · beta-caryophyllene 8-15 · fRoman chamomileisobutyl angelate: 25-40% of the oilisobutyl angelatisoamyl angelate / 2-methylbutyl angelate: 10-25% of the oilisoamyl angelatemethallyl angelate: 5-10% of the oilisobutyl butyrate: 2-10% of the oilisobutyl angelate 25-40 · isoamyl angelate / 2-methylbutyl angelatTeacis-jasmone: trace% of the oildimethyl sulfide: trace (seaweed note, matcha/gyokuro)% of the oilβ-damascenone: trace, high odour impact% of the oilphenylacetaldehyde: trace% of the oilcis-jasmone trace · dimethyl sulfide trace (seaweed note, matcha/gWormwood (grand wormwood)beta-thujone: 18-60% of the oilbeta-thujonesabinyl acetate: 0-20% of the oilalpha-thujone: 0-10% of the oilchamazulene: 0-5% of the oilbeta-thujone 18-60 · sabinyl acetate 0-20 · alpha-thujone 0-10 · cYerba matelinalool: trace% of the oilα-terpineol: trace% of the oilsmoke phenols (guaiacol, cresols) in barbacuá-dried: trace% of the oillinalool trace · α-terpineol trace · smoke phenols (guaiacol, cresRESINBalm of Gilead (Judean/Mecca bsabinene: 15.8-35.9% of the oilsabineneterpinen-4-ol: 18.7% of the oilterpinen-4-olα-pinene: 11.1-18.4% of the oilα-pinenep-cymene: 13.6% of the oilsabinene 15.8-35.9 · terpinen-4-ol 18.7 · α-pinene 11.1-18.4 · p-cBalsam poplar buds ('Balm of Gα-bisabolol: 15-30% of the oilα-bisabololγ-curcumene / ar-curcumene: 5-15% of the oilβ-bisabolene: ~5% of the oiltrans-nerolidol: ~5% of the oilα-bisabolol 15-30 · γ-curcumene / ar-curcumene 5-15 · β-bisaboleneBenzoinconiferyl benzoate: 60-70 of resin% of the oilconiferyl benzoafree cinnamic acid: 10-30% of the oilfree cinnamic acbenzoic acid: 10-20% of the oilsiaresinolic acid: ~6% of the oilconiferyl benzoate 60-70 of resin · free cinnamic acid 10-30 · benCopallinalool / linalyl acetate (B. linanoe 'linaloe' wood oil): up to 50+ (linaloe)% of the oillinalool / linalα-pinene: variable 10-40% of the oilα-pinenelimonene: 5-25% of the oillimonenelinalool / linalyl acetate (B. linanoe 'linaloe' wood oil) up to 5Elemi (Manila elemi)limonene: 40-65% of the oillimoneneα-phellandrene: 10-24% of the oilα-phellandreneelemol: 1-25% of the oilelemicin: 1-14% of the oillimonene 40-65 · α-phellandrene 10-24 · elemol 1-25 · elemicin 1-1Frankincense / olibanumoctyl acetate: 50-60% of the oiloctyl acetateα-thujene: up to 50+% of the oilα-thujeneα-pinene: 20-60% of the oilα-pinenep-cymene: ~15% of the oiloctyl acetate 50-60 · α-thujene up to 50+ · α-pinene 20-60 · p-cymLabdanum (rock rose)α-pinene: 20-50% of the oilα-pinenecamphene: 2-10% of the oilbornyl acetate: 3-5% of the oilviridiflorol: 2-5% of the oilα-pinene 20-50 · camphene 2-10 · bornyl acetate 3-5 · viridiflorolMasticα-pinene: 58-80% of the oilα-pinenemyrcene: 1-25% of the oilβ-pinene: 1.5-3.5% of the oillinalool: ~1% of the oilα-pinene 58-80 · myrcene 1-25 · β-pinene 1.5-3.5 · linalool ~1Myrrhfuranoeudesma-1,3-diene: 15-35% of the oilfuranoeudesma-1,curzerene: 10-25% of the oilcurzerenelindestrene: 5-15% of the oilβ-elemene: 3-8% of the oilfuranoeudesma-1,3-diene 15-35 · curzerene 10-25 · lindestrene 5-15CITRUSBergamotlimonene: 25-53% of the oillimonenelinalyl acetate: 15-40% of the oillinalyl acetatelinalool: 2-20% of the oilgamma-terpinene: 5-11% of the oillimonene 25-53 · linalyl acetate 15-40 · linalool 2-20 · gamma-terBitter orangelimonene: 88-96% of the oillimonenelinalyl acetate: 45-60% of the oillinalyl acetatelinalool: 15-30% of the oilalpha-terpineol: 2-8% of the oillimonene 88-96 · linalyl acetate 45-60 · linalool 15-30 · alpha-teGrapefruitlimonene: 88-95% of the oillimonenemyrcene: 1-4% of the oilalpha-pinene: 0.3-1% of the oilsabinene: 0.2-1% of the oillimonene 88-95 · myrcene 1-4 · alpha-pinene 0.3-1 · sabinene 0.2-1Lemonlimonene: 56-76% of the oillimonenebeta-pinene: 6-17% of the oilgamma-terpinene: 3-13% of the oilcitral (geranial+neral): 1-5% of the oillimonene 56-76 · beta-pinene 6-17 · gamma-terpinene 3-13 · citral Limelimonene: 45-65% of the oillimonenebeta-pinene: 10-20% of the oilbeta-pinenegamma-terpinene: 8-15% of the oilalpha-terpineol: 5-15% of the oillimonene 45-65 · beta-pinene 10-20 · gamma-terpinene 8-15 · alpha-Mandarinlimonene: 65-94% of the oillimonenegamma-terpinene: 2-20% of the oilmyrcene: 1-3% of the oilalpha-pinene: 0.4-2% of the oillimonene 65-94 · gamma-terpinene 2-20 · myrcene 1-3 · alpha-pinenePomelolimonene: 30-70% of the oillimonenebeta-myrcene: 2-20% of the oilalpha-pinene: 0.5-3% of the oiloctanal: 0.2-2% of the oillimonene 30-70 · beta-myrcene 2-20 · alpha-pinene 0.5-3 · octanal Sweet orangelimonene: 83-97% of the oillimonenemyrcene: 0.5-3% of the oilalpha-pinene: 0.4-1% of the oillinalool: 0.2-1% of the oillimonene 83-97 · myrcene 0.5-3 · alpha-pinene 0.4-1 · linalool 0.2Yuzulimonene: 60-80% of the oillimonenegamma-terpinene: 5-15% of the oilbeta-phellandrene: 2-6% of the oilbeta-pinene: 1-4% of the oillimonene 60-80 · gamma-terpinene 5-15 · beta-phellandrene 2-6 · beAROMATHERAPYClary sagelinalyl acetate: 45-75% of the oillinalyl acetatelinalool: 9-25% of the oillinaloolgermacrene D: 1-10% of the oilalpha-terpineol: 1-5% of the oillinalyl acetate 45-75 · linalool 9-25 · germacrene D 1-10 · alpha-Eucalyptus (blue gum)1,8-cineole: 70-85% of the oil1,8-cineolecitronellal: 65-85% of the oilcitronellalα-terpineol: 5-15% of the oilα-pinene: 2-15% of the oil1,8-cineole 70-85 · citronellal 65-85 · α-terpineol 5-15 · α-pinenPatchoulipatchoulol (patchouli alcohol): 27-40% of the oilpatchoulol (patcα-bulnesene (δ-guaiene): 13-21% of the oilα-bulnesene (δ-gα-guaiene: 11-16% of the oilseychellene: 5-9% of the oilpatchoulol (patchouli alcohol) 27-40 · α-bulnesene (δ-guaiene) 13-Rose geraniumcitronellol: 35-45% of the oilcitronellolgeraniol: 13-18% of the oilgeraniollinalool: ~10% of the oilcitronellyl formate: 8-10% of the oilcitronellol 35-45 · geraniol 13-18 · linalool ~10 · citronellyl foSandalwood(Z)-α-santalol: 41-55% of the oil(Z)-α-santalol(Z)-β-santalol: 16-24% of the oil(Z)-β-santalolα-santalol: 15-25% of the oilα-santalol(E,E)-farnesol: 5-10% of the oil(Z)-α-santalol 41-55 · (Z)-β-santalol 16-24 · α-santalol 15-25 · (Tea tree1,8-cineole: up to 60+% of the oil1,8-cineoleterpinen-4-ol: 35-48% of the oilterpinen-4-olterpinolene: up to 40+% of the oilterpinoleneγ-terpinene: 14-28% of the oil1,8-cineole up to 60+ · terpinen-4-ol 35-48 · terpinolene up to 40Vetiverkhusimol: 3-15% of the oilvetiselinenol / isovalencenol: 1-12% of the oilα-vetivone: 2-7% of the oilβ-vetivone: 1-6% of the oilkhusimol 3-15 · vetiselinenol / isovalencenol 1-12 · α-vetivone 2-FLORAL AROMATICDamask rose2-phenylethanol: 60-75% of the oil2-phenylethanolcitronellol: 20-34% of the oilcitronellolgeraniol: 15-22% of the oilnonadecane + heneicosane (stearoptene waxes): 10-25% of the oil2-phenylethanol 60-75 · citronellol 20-34 · geraniol 15-22 · nonadJasminebenzyl acetate: 15-25% of the oilbenzyl acetatelinalool: 5-25% of the oillinaloolα-farnesene: 10-20% of the oilα-farnesenebenzyl benzoate: 8-20% of the oilbenzyl acetate 15-25 · linalool 5-25 · α-farnesene 10-20 · benzyl Lavender (true/fine lavender)linalool: 34-50% of the oillinaloollinalyl acetate: 25-47% of the oillinalyl acetate1,8-cineole: 16-39% of the oil1,8-cineolecamphor: 8-16% of the oillinalool 34-50 · linalyl acetate 25-47 · 1,8-cineole 16-39 · camphNeroli / orange blossomlinalool: 28-44% of the oillinaloollimonene: 9-18% of the oilβ-pinene: 7-17% of the oillinalyl acetate: 2-15% of the oillinalool 28-44 · limonene 9-18 · β-pinene 7-17 · linalyl acetate 2Osmanthusβ-ionone: 10-25% of the oilβ-iononelinalool and linalool oxides: 10-25% of the oillinalool and lindihydro-β-ionone: 5-15% of the oilγ-decalactone: 5-10% of the oilβ-ionone 10-25 · linalool and linalool oxides 10-25 · dihydro-β-ioYlang-ylanggermacrene D: 15-30% of the oilgermacrene Dlinalool: 8-28% of the oillinalool(E,E)-α-farnesene: 10-20% of the oil(E,E)-α-farnesenβ-caryophyllene: 8-20% of the oilgermacrene D 15-30 · linalool 8-28 · (E,E)-α-farnesene 10-20 · β-cMEDICINAL TRADITIONALCalamus (Asian tetraploid)beta-asarone: 70-96 (one review); a plant database gives 90-95 for the tetraploid form% of the oilbeta-asaronebeta-asarone 70-96 (one review); a plant database gives 90-95 for Calamus (European/Indian triplalpha-asarone: up to about 16.8% in the highest Indian genotype% of the oilalpha-asaronebeta-asarone: highly variable: commonly cited as low (5-19%) in older European-focused reviews, but a 2009 Indian study found most accessions triploid with 82.0-89.4% beta-asarone in the oil, with one outlier at 11.55%% of the oilalpha-asarone up to about 16.8% in the highest Indian genotype · bCalamus (North American diploibeta-asarone: reported absent or not detectable in North American diploid material; some Indian diploid populations have measured 7.4-11.7% — see the conflict note% of the oilbeta-asarone reported absent or not detectable in North American dMEDICINALCannabisbeta-myrcene: 20-60% of the oilbeta-myrceneterpinolene: 20-50% of the oilterpinolenebeta-caryophyllene: 15-35% of the oilbeta-caryophyllealpha-pinene: 5-25% of the oilbeta-myrcene 20-60 · terpinolene 20-50 · beta-caryophyllene 15-35 Valerianbornyl acetate: up to ~40% of the oilbornyl acetatebornyl acetate up to ~40CULINARY NUTAlmond (sweet and bitter)benzaldehyde: 95-98% of the oilbenzaldehydehydrogen cyanide: 2-4 in the crude oil; removed in the FFPA grade% of the oilbenzyl alcohol, benzoic acid: trace% of the oilbenzaldehyde 95-98 · hydrogen cyanide 2-4 in the crude oil; removeMASTICATORYBetel leaf (paan)eugenol: up to 60-80 in some cultivars% of the oileugenolchavibetol (3-hydroxy-4-methoxyallylbenzene): 20-60% of the oilchavibetol (3-hychavibetol acetate: 5-25% of the oilestragole / methyl chavicol: trace-10% of the oileugenol up to 60-80 in some cultivars · chavibetol (3-hydroxy-4-meCULINARY SPICE HISTORICLong pepperbeta-caryophyllene: 10-30% of the oilbeta-caryophyllebeta-bisabolene: 5-20% of the oilzingiberene: 2-15% of the oilbeta-caryophyllene 10-30 · beta-bisabolene 5-20 · zingiberene 2-15SPICE MINORParsley seed (fruit)apiole: 58-80% of the oilapiolemyristicin: 49-77% of the oilmyristicin1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene: 50-60% of the oil1-allyl-2,3,4,5-alpha-pinene: 1-15% of the oilapiole 58-80 · myristicin 49-77 · 1-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzCULINARY HERB MINORRussian tarragonsabinene: 5-30% of the oilsabinene(E)-beta-ocimene: 2-20% of the oilterpinen-4-ol: 2-15% of the oilsabinene 5-30 · (E)-beta-ocimene 2-20 · terpinen-4-ol 2-15HISTORIC CULINARYSassafrassafrole: 75-90% of the oilsafrolecamphor: 1-10% of the oilmethyleugenol: 0.5-5% of the oilalpha-pinene, phellandrene, myristicin: trace-3 each% of the oilsafrole 75-90 · camphor 1-10 · methyleugenol 0.5-5 · alpha-pinene,CULINARY SEEDSesame2-furfurylthiol: trace (key roast note)% of the oil4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone: trace% of the oil2-acetylpyrazine and alkylpyrazines: trace% of the oilguaiacol: trace% of the oil2-furfurylthiol trace (key roast note) · 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(CULINARY FLAVOURINGVanillavanillin: 1-3 of the cured bean (and 85-95% of the aroma fraction)% of the oilp-hydroxybenzaldehyde: 0.1-0.5 of bean% of the oilvanillic acid: 0.05-0.3% of the oilp-hydroxybenzyl methyl ether: trace% of the oilvanillin 1-3 of the cured bean (and 85-95% of the aroma fraction) phenylpropanoidaldehydeterpenephenolalkaloidother
Every plant in the atlas that has a measured oil, grouped by what it is used for.
Which plants touch which drug enzymeEvidence grade varies and much of it is in vitro — the full record is in the atlas.This is why "natural" and "safe with my medication" are different questions.CYP1A2CYP2C9CYP2C19CYP2D6CYP2E1CYP3A4P-gpMAO-AKava~−−−−−−Cannabis+~−−~Goldenseal−−~−Nutmeg−~−−Ayahuasca vine (caapi)−−−Black pepper−−−Echinacea (purple coneflower)−−−Mace−−−Calamus (North American diploid)−−Calamus (European/Indian triploid)−−Celery (seed; also stalk/leaf)−−Coffee+−Fennel (sweet and bitter)−−Garlic−~Kudzu−−Licorice (liquorice)+−Long pepper−−Milk thistle−−Syrian rue−−Tea−−Tobacco+−Yerba mate~−Cacao / Cocoa~Green cardamom−Cassia cinnamon−Ceylon cinnamon ('true' cinnamon)−Coca~Curry leaf−Dill (weed and seed)−Chaliponga / chagropanga~Eucalyptus (blue gum)~Frankincense / olibanum−French tarragon−Lesser galangal−− inhibits — raises the level of drugs this enzyme clears+ induces — lowers them~ mixed or dose-dependent
Which plants inhibit or induce which drug-metabolising enzyme. Inhibiting one raises the level of every drug it clears.
Dye plantsThe colour, the compound that makes it, and the mordant that fixes it to the fibre.Swatches are indicative. The same plant gives a different colour on a different mordant.African / Mexican marigoldquercetagetin and patuletin (flavonols) — not luteinalum: bright yellow to golden; iron: olive-khaki; comordant: alum, iron, copper, tinAllspice (pimento)tanninsbrownmordant: iron, alumAlmond (sweet and bitter)tannins and flavonoids from the hulls and skinsyellow-tan to brownmordant: alum, ironAnnatto (achiote)bixin (fat/alkali) / norbixinorange to salmon-pink; yellow-orange on cottonmordant: none needed (substantive in alkaline bath); Balsam poplar buds ('Balm of Gilead' salve)flavonoids (chrysin, galangin) + tanninsyellow to gold; olive with ironmordant: alumBlack walnutjuglone plus tannins (substantive — no mordant needed)none/alum: warm tan to deep chocolate brown; iron: gmordant: none needed (tannin + juglone bind directly)Butterfly peaternatins (acylated delphinidin glycosides)blue to blue-violet (neutral); purple (acid); green-mordant: alum improves; fugitive regardlessCacao / CocoaMaillard/polyphenol oxidation pigments (cocoa husk)warm brownmordant: alum; iron for darkerPot marigold (calendula)flavonols (quercetin/isorhamnetin) for mordanted yelloyellow (alum); olive-khaki (iron); brassy (copper)mordant: alum, iron, copperChili peppercapsanthin, capsorubin (xanthophylls)orange-redmordant: none — lipid-soluble colourant, not a fast tCassia cinnamoncondensed tannins (proanthocyanidins)warm brown to tanmordant: alum, iron for darker brownsCeylon cinnamon ('true' cinnamon)condensed tanninswarm tan-brownmordant: alum; iron darkensClovegallotanninsbrownmordant: iron for grey-browns; alum for tanCoffeemelanoidins and chlorogenic-acid oxidation productstan to brown; grey-brown with ironmordant: alum or none; iron for darkerCopalcopal resins (diterpenic acids)n/a (varnish/binder)mordant: n/aElder (flower; berry noted)anthocyanins (cyanidin glycosides) — pH-sensitive, fugBerries: purple-violet, lilac (alum), grey (iron); lmordant: alum; iron for grey/blackEucalyptus (blue gum)tannins, ellagitannins, flavonols (quercetin), and quiorange, rust-red, gold, brown; greys/black with ironmordant: alum for brights; iron for greys; often no mFenugreekflavonesyellowmordant: alumGreater galangalflavonols (galangin, kaempferol)pale yellowmordant: alumGarlicflavonols in papery skinspale yellow/beige (skins)mordant: alumGerman chamomileapigenin and luteolin glycosidesbright yellow (alum); olive/khaki (iron)mordant: alumGingerflavonoids and phenolicspale yellowmordant: alumGoldensealberberine (cationic alkaloid — a basic dye, binds protbright yellow; deeper with alummordant: none needed on wool/silk; alum brightens; irHennalawsone — binds keratin via Michael addition to proteiorange (fresh stain) oxidising over 24-48 h to red-bmordant: none on keratin; on textiles: alum gives oraHopsflavonoids, tanninsyellow-brown; stems give brown/beigemordant: alum; ironTrue indigoindigotin (indigo) from indoxyl; indirubin gives purplblue — pale sky to near-black navy by number of dipsmordant: none — VAT dye: insoluble indigo is reduced Japanese indigoindigotin from indicanblue: fresh-leaf method gives turquoise-aqua on silkmordant: none (vat). Fresh-leaf method: protein fibreKola nutkola red (oxidised procyanidins)reddish-brown to brownmordant: alum / ironLavender (true/fine lavender)flavones, tanninspale green-grey/yellowmordant: alum/ironLogwoodhaematein–metal lakes (haematoxylin oxidises to haematalum: purple to violet-blue; iron: grey to true blacmordant: alum, iron (black), copper, chrome (historic
The dye plants: the colour, the compound that makes it, and the mordant that fixes it to the fibre.

Read these with one thing in mind: they are the composition of the oil, not of the plant. Piperine is 5–9% of black pepper but almost none of its distilled oil; curcumin is the colour and the pharmacology of turmeric and is not volatile at all; the grapefruit furanocoumarins that cause the famous drug interaction are in the juice, not the peel oil. A plant and its essential oil are not interchangeable, and most bad advice in this subject comes from treating them as if they were.

Shulgin's ten essential oils

Shulgin noticed that ten common essential oils carry the ring substitution patterns of ten known amphetamines, and that adding ammonia across the side chain would, on paper, turn each oil into its partner. His own words are "in theory" and "in principle", and that qualifier is the whole point: no human in vivo conversion of an allylbenzene into an amphetamine has ever been demonstrated. Every pair below is hypothetical.

What is actually documented is different. Allylbenzenes fed to animals yield tertiary aminopropiophenone alkaloids - dimethylamine, piperidine and pyrrolidine types - detected in urine by GLC/CIMS, NOT amphetamines (Peele & Oswald, PMID 870079). Propenylbenzenes (anethole, alpha/beta-asarone, isoeugenol, isosafrole) form no such alkaloid metabolites at all. The only amphetamine-adjacent experimental claim in the series is the rabbit-liver myristicin to MMDA report Shulgin himself cites, and the repo's own knowledge file concedes the products were most likely aminopropiophenones.

The pairs, each one hypothetical:

See Shulgin Ten Essential Oils, Shulgin Ten Essential Amphetamines and Metabolic Chemistry and Oilahuasca.

The chemicals, grouped by how alike they are

The grouping below is computed, not editorial: RDKit Morgan fingerprint (radius 2, 2048 bits), Tanimoto distance, SciPy average-linkage hierarchical clustering, cut at distance 0.65. Molecules that sit together here are built the same way, which is usually why they smell alike, are metabolised by the same enzymes, or show up in the same plants.

Each name is a PubChem compound id (C number), so any of them can be looked up directly. Identity data — formula, weight, log P and the structure itself — was taken from PubChem rather than written from memory; the file is knowledge/herb-atlas/pubchem.json.

Plant oils, butters and waxes

69 of them, with the numbers that decide what each one is good for. [object Object]

Oils

Butters

Waxes

Comedogenic numbers come from the rabbit-ear assay (Kligman/Fulton era, e.g. Fulton 1989 J Soc Cosmet Chem 40:321-333; Fulton 1984 J Am Acad Dermatol PMID 6229554). The rabbit ear over-predicts human comedogenicity, tested many materials neat or at 10% in propylene glycol, and popular 0-5 lists online frequently cite no source at all. Treat as a weak hint; a finished formula must be judged on its own.

The plants

157 of them. Each line gives the major constituents, why a kitchen uses it, what it dyes, and what should stop you. The full record — chemotypes, enzyme targets, traditional and evidence-based medical use, interactions, regulatory status and sources — is in knowledge/herb-atlas/plants.json.

A warning that applies to every percentage on this page: these are indicative ranges, not assay values. Chemotype, cultivar, ploidy, growing conditions and distillation all move them, sometimes by an order of magnitude. Calamus makes the point: the usual rule of thumb is that the North American diploid carries little or no β-asarone while Asian material carries a great deal, but measured Himalayan diploid populations have come in at 7.4% and 11.7%, and a twenty-accession study found no relationship to ploidy at all. Treat unanalysed material as the hazardous type.

Culinary spice

Culinary herb

Beverage

Medicinal

Dye

Resin

Citrus

Aromatherapy

Floral aromatic

Medicinal traditional

Entheogen tryptamine

Entheogen maoi

Culinary nut

Masticatory

Culinary spice historic

Culinary vegetable

Spice minor

Culinary other

Culinary herb minor

Historic culinary

Culinary seed

Culinary flavouring

Cooking

Cooking is where the chemistry on this page was worked out long before anyone named it. Four rules carry most of it.

Infused oils, honeys and vinegars carry a real safety rule. Fresh plant material in oil, garlic above all, is a botulism risk: oil excludes air, the plant brings the spores and the water, and nothing in the jar stops them. Use dried material, or acidify, keep it refrigerated and use it inside a week. See Sauce Food Safety Acidification pH Garlic in Oil and Refrigeration and Tinctures Glycerites Syrups and Infused Oils and Butters.

More: Cooking with Herbs and Spices · Scratch Cooking and Culinary Ratios · Cooking Methods · Preservation Fermentation and Spice · Traditional Spiced Formulations and Synergistic Blends

Lotions, balms and salves

A balm is anhydrous — oil, butter and wax, no water. A lotion or cream has water in it, and the moment there is water there is something living in it within days.

More: Tinctures Glycerites Syrups and Infused Oils and Butters · Soap Calculator

Diffusers, candles and the air

Potentiation and drug interactions

This is the part of the page that can actually hurt someone. "Potentiation" and "drug interaction" are the same mechanism described by someone who wants the effect and by someone who doesn't — a plant that makes a drug stronger does it by blocking the enzyme that clears it, and the enzyme does not know which outcome was intended.

Most of these run through the cytochrome P450 enzymes, which metabolise the majority of drugs. Inhibit one and everything it clears rises in the blood; induce one and everything it clears falls — including the drug somebody depends on.

The ones that put people in hospital:

Quieter but real: piperine from black pepper raises the absorption of many drugs and supplements by inhibiting CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein, which is exactly why it is added to turmeric products; licorice can drive potassium down; ginkgo and garlic are discussed with anticoagulants; cassia carries enough coumarin to have a tolerable daily intake set for it; and caffeine is cleared by CYP1A2, so CYP1A2 inhibitors leave it in circulation much longer.

See Enzyme Inhibition Kinetics and Molecular Transporters and Kava Potentiation.

The documented list

90 of them, each with its mechanism rather than a yes or no. The full records — evidence grade and the PubMed id for every claim — are in knowledge/herb-atlas/applications.json.

Major

Moderate

Minor

See also

Sources

Coverage

One-page index to the plants, the chemicals in them, their enzyme and interaction profiles, their smell, taste, dye and medical profiles, the oils and butters, and what to make with all of it.

Videos

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